What do ecosystems consist of?

Ecosystems are complex networks that consist of both living organisms, such as plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms, and their physical environment, which includes non-living components like soil, water, air, and climate. This interaction between living and non-living elements creates a dynamic system where energy flow and nutrient cycling occur.

Understanding this interdependence is crucial because it illustrates how organisms rely on their environment for shelter, food, and resources, while non-living factors play a significant role in shaping the ecosystem's structure and function. Both living and non-living components are essential in maintaining the balance and sustainability of ecosystems.