Which of the following is a primary cause of extinction in various species?

Climate change is a significant primary cause of extinction for various species due to its widespread and profound effects on ecosystems and the organisms that inhabit them. As temperatures rise and weather patterns shift, habitats can become uninhabitable for many species. This can lead to changes in food availability, loss of habitat, and increased competition among species for dwindling resources. Additionally, climate change can exacerbate other threats, such as increased natural disasters and the proliferation of diseases, further stressing species' survival.

In contrast, while overpopulation, invasive species, and reproductive isolation can all play roles in species extinction, climate change represents a fundamental environmental shift affecting numerous species simultaneously across the globe. It can influence the other factors as well; for instance, invasive species may thrive under new climate conditions, outcompeting native species and contributing to extinction rates. Thus, the primary nature of climate change, impacting various aspects of ecology and biology, makes it a leading cause of extinction today.